Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Public Administration
Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка
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THE ESSENCE AND CORE PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE: HISTORICAL FORMATION, CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS, AND EVOLUTION IN THE DIGITAL ERA
B a c k g r o u n d . Public administration is formed as a complex and dynamic system that reflects the evolution of social relations and the changing role of the state in development processes. Today, public administration increasingly moves beyond administrative control, transforming into a space of partnership, participation, and openness. The digitalization of administrative processes, the emergence of e-government, and the concept of open government have reshaped the nature of public authority. M e t h o d s . The study employs a set of general scientific and special methods that ensured a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of public administration. The historical-genetic method was used to identify the sequence of development of administrative models. The comparative method enabled the examination of classical and modern theories. The system analysis method made it possible to determine the relationship between the principles of public administration and digital transformation processes. Content analysis of academic publications and international documents allowed for the generalization of trends in contemporary governance and the identification of directions for its transformation. R e s u l t s . The essence of public administration is clarified as a multidimensional category that integrates normative-administrative, valueoriented, and communicative dimensions and reflects the changing role of the state in the context of digital transformation. The basic principles of public administration were systematized, and the features of their transformation under the influence of digital technologies were identified. The stages of development of public administration models were summarized. Contemporary paradigms such as Digital Era Governance, Public Value Management, and Collaborative Governance were analyzed. It was substantiated that digitalization functions as an integrative factor that connects organizational modernization, a value-based approach, and network interaction, creating preconditions for the transition to a digital-social model of public administration. C o n c l u s i o n s . The study demonstrates that the evolution of public administration is moving from administrative-hierarchical systems toward integrated, open, and value-oriented models of governance. Digitalization not only modernizes tools and procedures but also reshapes governance orientations, shifting the focus toward transparency, participation, and the creation of public value. The results may serve as a methodological basis for further research on digital governance.
public governance; evolution of governance models; digital transformation; e-governance; open government; public value; network governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEHAVIOURAL INSIGHTS AS A MECHANISM FOR BUILDING NATIONAL RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE
B a c k g r o u n d . The article is devoted to the theoretical and applied analysis of behavioural insights as a mechanism for strengthening national resilience in the context of hybrid warfare. The study focuses on the potential of ‘soft influence' on civic behaviour through such insights as strategic communications, social norms, choice architecture, psychological support, and educational interventions. The relevance of integrating behavioural approaches into public policy is justified with the aim of increasing the adaptability of the population, strengthening trust in institutions, and forming collective resistance capacity in conditions of prolonged threat. M e t h o d s . The methodological basis of the study is an interdisciplinary approach that combines the achievements of behavioural sciences, security studies and public administration. The study uses content analysis of relevant sociological data (2022–2025), comparative analysis of cases in Israel and Estonia, a case study of Ukrainian experience in conditions of full-scale war, as well as methods of expert assessment and interpretation of empirical manifestations of behavioural resilience. R e s u l t s . The article proposes a typology of behavioural insights in the public administration system, which includes: communication and cognitive, social and normative, psychological and supportive, structural and organisational, and educational and preventive means of influence. It has been established that the comprehensive application of such insights contributes to increasing society's resistance to informational and psychological threats. The Ukrainian case of 2022–2025 illustrated the effectiveness of certain behavioural practices, in particular, mass volunteering, motivational mobilisation through Territorial Defence, the launch of a unified information field, and the implementation of psychosocial support programmes. The institutionalised experience of Israel and Estonia, which demonstrate sustainable models for implementing behavioural approaches to strategic communications, education, defence and integration, has been analysed. C o n c l u s i o n s . Behavioural insights are an important element of state policy in the field of national security and resilience. In the context of a protracted hybrid war, they make it possible to maintain civic motivation, increase the adaptability and cohesion of the population, and form effective interaction between the state and society. The article proposes strategic recommendations for institutionalising behavioural approaches in Ukraine, including: the creation of an interdepartmental analytical centre for behavioural sciences under the Cabinet of Ministers, the development of a National Strategy for Behavioural Resilience, the scaling up of a network of psychological assistance centres, the integration of behavioural modules into the training of civil servants, and the development of educational programmes on media literacy and critical thinking. The presented study forms a scientific and applied basis for the further development of a systematic behavioural policy in Ukraine.
national resilience, hybrid warfare, behavioural analysis, behavioural insights, public administration, nudge theory.
PRIVATE SECTOR INNOVATIONS AS A DRIVER OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE
B a c k g r o u n d . The article analyzes the role of private sector innovation as a key factor in the digital transformation of public administration in Ukraine. In the context of war and post-war reconstruction, technological solutions for business ensure the continuity of public administration institutions, increase efficiency, transparency, and the ability of authorities to respond quickly to changes. M e t h o d s . The study uses a combination of general scientific and special methods. Dialectical and systemic approaches allowed us to consider the digital transformation of public administration as a dynamic process in connection with institutional changes and the influence of the private sector. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and analysis of scientific publications and analytical reports contributed to the generalization of scientific approaches, the evaluation of practices, and the identification of key trends and prospects for digital transformation. R e s u l t s . It has been established that technological progress and innovation are interrelated drivers of economic development and change in public administration. However, political will alone is not enough: digital transformation is accompanied by barriers that must be systematically overcome. Effective modernization of the public sector is not possible through the introduction of IT solutions alone. Private sector practices play a significant role: flexible project management methods, public-private partnerships, and design thinking, which contribute to the adaptation of innovations to the needs of the state and the creation of modern digital services. C o n c l u s i o n s . It is argued that the successful digital transformation of public administration in Ukraine is impossible without the active involvement of private sector innovations. It is no longer just a technological task, but is becoming a strategic prerequisite for sustainable development, institutional stability, and the country's competitiveness. That is why the partnership between the state and the private sector is seen as a fundamental tool for building a modern management system focused on performance and trust. Thus, digital transformation driven by privatesector innovation is an inevitable process that enhances the efficiency, transparency, and resilience of public administration and supports the development of modern, citizen-oriented services, which is especially crucial during the war and in Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction.
digital transformation, public administration, innovation, public-private partnership, IT sector, digital services.
INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE VETERAN POLICY
B a c k g r o u n d . This study highlights that the research into the institutional and legal framework for shaping and implementing veteran policy in modern Ukraine is driven by Russia's ongoing full-scale armed aggression, the continuous increase in the number of veterans, and the complex nature of their needs. These factors necessitate effective reintegration and social adaptation. The emergence of a new institutional landscape, including the establishment of the Ministry of Veterans Affairs, the Ukrainian Veterans Foundation, and the development of veteran support specialists, underscores the urgent need to analyze and enhance the current system. M e t h o d s . The research was conducted using a systematic approach, which allowed for viewing the mechanism as a complex, interconnected system. The institutional method aided in examining how various institutions function, while the normative-legal method was applied to analyze the relevant legal framework. The functional method was used to define the specific roles performed by individual elements of the institutional and legal mechanism. To understand the mechanism's development and current state, both historical and logical methods were employed, with documentary analysis serving as the primary method for gathering information. R e s u l t s . The study examines the institutional and legal mechanism for the formation and implementation of state veteran policy in Ukraine, defining it as a comprehensive system comprising institutional, legal, and procedural components. It identifies key stakeholders, including the President, the Verkhovna Rada, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Ministry of Veterans Affairs, other central executive bodies, and local selfgovernment bodies, as well as civil society organizations. The stages of state veteran policy formation and implementation, along with its core principles, are outlined. The analysis reveals a fragmentation of responsibilities across numerous government agencies, underscoring the critical need for effective interagency coordination, particularly through the establishment of a Coordination Council. The importance of new legislation and strategies that broaden the scope of veteran policy is also emphasized. C o n c l u s i o n s . It has been demonstrated that Ukraine's institutional and legal mechanism for veteran policy is a complex system characterized by active legislative development and recognized priority. However, despite the pivotal role of the Ministry of Veterans Affairs, a dispersal of functions among more than 20 government bodies has been identified, necessitating enhanced interagency coordination, particularly through the establishment of a Coordination Council. It is argued that further legislative updates, increased institutional capacity, the involvement of local communities and civil society organizations, the pursuit of stable funding sources, and the digitalization of services are all crucial for success.
institutional and legal mechanism, state policy, veteran policy, formation, implementation, institutions, regulatory legal acts, procedures, coordination.
ABROAD EXPERIENCE OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DURING THE WAR
B a c k g r o u n d . Public administration undergoes significant transformations in the context of military conflicts, which requires the adaptation of political institutions, legislation and administrative mechanisms. The historical experience of different countries shows that effective management during the war is based on a combination of centralization of power, security and preservation of democratic institutions. Analysis of these processes is important for the development of management strategies that can meet modern challenges. M e t h o d s . The work uses an interdisciplinary approach, including historical, comparative and institutional analysis. The methods of documentary analysis, the study of normative legal acts, the case-stock of individual countries, as well as the synthesis of the results obtained for the formation of general conclusions are applied. R e s u l t s . The study confirms that the adaptation of public administration to the conditions of war is accompanied by an increase in executive power, a change in the legal framework and an expansion of regulatory mechanisms. The study of the experience of ancient Rome, Great Britain, Israel and the United States allows us to outline the main models of management during martial law. It is established that democratic countries try to maintain a balance between the centralization of power and civil rights, which is a key factor in the stability of state institutions. C o n c l u s i o n s . The study of global experiences in the transformation of public administration during armed conflicts confirms that the ability of political institutions to adapt to crisis conditions is a crucial factor in preserving statehood. The examples of Ancient Rome, the United Kingdom, Israel, and the United States demonstrate a variety of approaches to administrative changes, which depend on the political system, legal norms, and historical traditions.
war, public administration, martial law, crisis, democracy, executive power, national security, military conflicts.
INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT SYSTEM OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
B a c k g r o u n d . Improving the efficiency of local self-government is of strategic importance in the context of European integration. Ukraine is undergoing an institutional renewal of public administration, which includes harmonization of legislation, strengthening the potential of communities and subregional councils. The results of the reforms reveal territorial inequality, personnel imbalance and insufficient integration of public administration mechanisms at different levels. The study aims to analyze the factors affecting the efficiency of local self-government and identify ways to adapt the EU experience to strengthen the institutional stability of the system. M e t h o d s . The following methods were applied: comparative analysis of Ukrainian and European models of local self-overnment; content analysis of regulatory legal acts, analytical materials, and media publications; structural-functional method to determine the relationships between institutional capacity, regulatory frameworks, management processes and public trust. Empirical data analysis and survey results served to assess the practice of local self-government. R e s u l t s . The effectiveness of local self-government depends on the coherence of public administration mechanisms, the competence of officials, the quality of communication with the public, and the degree of digitalization. Comparative analysis confirmed that EU countries demonstrate higher efficiency indicators due to democratic tools, strategic planning, and effective interaction between the state and communities. The following problems persist in Ukraine: uneven development of territories, insufficient institutional coordination, and fragmented decisionmaking. The survey results showed a discrepancy between formal procedures and their practical implementation. C o n c l u s i o n s . The effectiveness of local self-government can be increased through integration it is substantiated that the effectiveness of local self-government can be increased through the integration of European practices, strengthening institutional capacity, improving the professionalism of employees, digitalization, and transparency. Key goals include the synchronization of management mechanisms, promoting citizen participation, and focusing on sustainable development. The implementation of European approaches will ensure the resilience of local government in the face of socio-political, economic, and security challenges.
local self-government, public administration, decentralization, institutional capacity, European integration, citizen participation, strategic planning.
MANAGERIAL PASSION AS A DRIVER OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
B a c k g r o u n d . The phenomenon of managerial passionarity is studied as an emotionally colored motivational factor that has a significant impact on managerial behavior, decision-making and leadership effectiveness, which is especially relevant for the modern public management environment in the conditions of turbulence and challenges of wartime. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the concept of managerial passionarity in the context of its impact on public management. M e t h o d s . Formal-logical, terminological, socio-cultural, psychological analysis, a systems method, and an activity approach were used. R e s u l t s . It is shown that managerial passionarity plays an important role in public management, but there is a lack of theoretical understanding of the essence of this term. Based on fragmentary and disparate works, the nature of managerial passionarity is conceptualized, associated with the expressed identities of managerial roles (administrator, reformer, organizer). The mechanisms of experiencing entrepreneurial passion are identified, which ensure the coherence of goal-directed cognitions and behavior in the pursuit of managerial effectiveness. Managerial passion is interpreted as an intense positive feeling that arises as a result of involvement in managerial activities associated with the manager's managerial identity. Particular attention is paid to the connection between passion and such processes as creative expression of problems, perseverance and immersion in activity. The possible "reverse" effect is emphasized – a situation where excessive passion can limit the flexibility of thinking and adaptability. The theoretical model proposed by the author emphasizes that passion is not an innate trait, but is formed as a result of deep involvement in activities that are important for self-identification. C o n c l u s i o n s . It is argued that the regulatory influence of managerial passion will allow managers to recognize new patterns of information, sensitively process stimuli, and use existing knowledge to find creative solutions in an environment of high uncertainty. The results of the study expand the understanding of the emotional dimension of managerial activity, suggesting new approaches to the development of leadership qualities and emotional intelligence in public management activities that meet the expectations of a highly passionate Ukrainian society.
passionarity, public management, management activity, management decisions, manager.
SYNTHESIS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES' EXPERIENCE IN MANAGING POST-WAR ECONOMIC RECOVERY
B a c k g r o u n d . The ongoing armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is causing large-scale destruction of infrastructure and destabilization of the economy. In the context of a prolonged war, the need to find effective mechanisms for sustainable economic recovery becomes increasingly urgent. Despite the expectation of international support, the key challenge remains the creation of a domestic recovery management system capable of ensuring the gradual development of the economy. In this context, it is essential to study the international experience of countries that have undergone post-war transformation. M e t h o d s . This study employs a comparative analysis method to identify the common and distinctive features of post-war economic recovery in Germany, Japan, South Korea, Iraq, and Bosnia. The case study method was used to examine institutional mechanisms, the role of external assistance, and the contribution of the private sector. Content analysis of strategic documents (such as the Marshall Plan, Dodge Plan, and national development plans) provided a deeper understanding of approaches to inter-level coordination and cross-sectoral cooperation. R e s u l t s . The study found that effective economic recovery was achieved through a combination of state-led strategic planning, sectoral programs, external support, and domestic reforms. It highlighted the role of capable institutions in coordinating intergovernmental interaction and aligning policies. At the same time, common challenges were identified, including limited institutional capacity, weak coordination, risks of corruption, and the exclusion of local communities from decision-making processes. C o n c l u s i o n s . International experience in post-war recovery demonstrates the necessity of implementing a systemic, complementary approach to managing transformational processes. It is essential to ensure effective coordination between levels of government, engage international partners, businesses, and civil society, and create institutions capable of achieving strategic goals and fostering sustainable economic growth. Successful examples from other countries show that complementarity of policies and mechanisms can provide not only infrastructure and industrial recovery but also long-term economic development.
post-war reconstruction, complementarity, public administration, development strategy, inter-level coordination, institutional capacity, economic transformation, vertical linkages, horizontal interaction.
REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UKRAINE
B a c k g r o u n d . The current economic conditions of globalization and technological progress necessitate the development of innovative entrepreneurship as a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy. In Ukraine, this process requires the formation of an effective regulatory framework that would meet European standards and promote innovation. However, the existing system of legal regulation is characterized by a number of systemic flaws that limit its effectiveness. The purpose of research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of regulatory and legal regulation of innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine, identify key problem areas and develop scientifically sound proposals for its improvement. M e t h o d s . The research methodology is based on the application of a systematic approach, which made it possible to analyze the interrelationships between economic, legal and institutional factors. The methods of regulatory and legal analysis were used – to study current legislation and comparative legal analysis – to study international experience, as well as the formal legal method – to interpret legal norms. R e s u l t s . The results of the study show that despite some positive changes in the legislative regulation of innovative activity, the Ukrainian regulatory framework has significant shortcomings. In particular, the study revealed the fragmentary nature of legal regulation, the lack of a unified state strategy for the development of innovative entrepreneurship, insufficient protection of intellectual property rights, and instability in tax legislation. C o n c l u s i o n s . Based on the analysis, it was concluded that there is a need for comprehensive modernization of the regulatory framework for innovative entrepreneurship. The first steps should be to harmonize national legislation with European standards, improve intellectual property protection mechanisms, and introduce stable tax incentives for innovative entities. Elements of scientific novelty consist in a comprehensive analysis of the current state of legal regulation of innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the development of specific proposals for its improvement, considering the best international practices. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of their use by state authorities in the development of new regulatory acts, by business entities to optimize their innovative activities, and by scientists for further research in this area.
innovative entrepreneurship, regulatory and legal framework, intellectual property, investment activity, state support for innovation, mechanisms of state regulation, European integration, energy- and resource-saving technologies, competitiveness, small and mediumsized enterprises, innovation potential.
PUBLIC AUDIT AS ONE OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE'S SOCIAL SECURITY
B a c k g r o u n d . In the current context of global instability and wartime challenges, social security acquires particular significance as a priority of state policy. Public audit serves as an instrument for enhancing government accountability, ensuring the efficient use of public resources, and reducing corruption risks. M e t h o d s . The research methodology is based on a combination of structured literature review, problem-oriented synthesis, and analysis of practical audit cases in the field of social policy. Legal analysis, comparative method, and structural-functional approach were applied. R e s u l t s . Based on the analysis of Ukrainian and international studies, the essence of both categories has been clarified, and the functions of public audit (evaluative, preventive, corrective, legitimizing, and educational) have been identified. Its relationship with other instruments of social security – the system of social protection and insurance, labor market regulation, poverty reduction programs, anti-corruption mechanisms, and socio-economic risk monitoring – has been revealed. The implementation of audit recommendations has been shown to improve the targeting of social programs, expand coverage of vulnerable groups, reduce resource losses, and strengthen fiscal sustainability, provided there is interoperability of information systems and institutionalization of the follow-up mechanism. Under conditions of war, reconstruction, European integration reforms, and resource scarcity, performance auditing, registry integration, IT audit development, and public monitoring of recommendations gain special importance for Ukraine. A set of measures is proposed: shifting the focus toward performance, creating a unified data ecosystem, enhancing standards and competencies, ensuring mandatory parliamentary oversight of audit recommendations, and synchronizing audit procedures with expenditure reviews and anti-corruption strategies. C o n c l u s i o n s . Public audit is a strategic instrument for ensuring social security that enhances government accountability and transparency. For Ukraine, the development of performance auditing, institutionalization of civic control, and mandatory parliamentary oversight are critically important. These measures will strengthen citizens' trust in institutions and ensure the resilience of social policy during wartime and post-war recovery.
public audit, social security, accountability, anti-corruption mechanism, follow-up mechanism, transparency.
THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: A CASE STUDY OF HANGZHOU
B a c k g r o u n d . Under the wave of global digitalization, governments are reshaping public management. China has made digital government a national strategy, but policy implementation relies on public administrators. This paper aims to explore the evolution and innovation mechanism of China's public administrator system in the context of digital transformation, and analyzes it by taking Hangzhou as an example. M e t h o d s . This study mainly adopts a combination of literature research, historical method, comparative method, comprehensive analysis, and case study. The historical method is used to trace the institutional evolution of China's public administrator system from the "unit system" to the "post system." The comparative method allows cross-regional comparison between Hangzhou and other provinces, highlighting local innovation characteristics. The comprehensive method integrates multi-source data (policy texts, reports, and digital platform outcomes) to synthesize a holistic understanding of institutional transformation under digitalization. R e s u l t s . Chinese public administrators are divided into on-the-job and non-staffed, and the personnel are divided into administrative and career establishments, and the way of entry affects career development. The digital transformation of Hangzhou has significantly promoted the adjustment of job setting and staffing. For example, "City Brain 3.0" introduces AI models to improve administrative efficiency. The digital management platform for civil servants has improved the efficiency of personnel management. The reform of "one thing at a time" of government services reduces administrative posts and supports the reuse of establishment. Hangzhou has also trained administrators in digital capabilities through Zhejiang University, and established a "dynamic staffing pool" and a "digital talent pool" to solve cross-departmental collaboration problems and improve the efficiency of emergency response and task execution. C o n c l u s i o n s . The Hangzhou model has formed a collaborative governance innovation model of "platform + talent +system". However, its promotion faces challenges: high dependence on the high-end talent market and large salary gap inside and outside the system. Generalization is limited, and Hangzhou's success depends on its digital economy foundation, which is not suitable for underdeveloped areas. In addition, the risk of "data-only" cannot be ignored, which may lead to excessive focus on quantitative indicators and neglect of humanistic care.
China, digital government, public administrator, digital transformation.
STRENGTHENING LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AS A KEY VECTOR OF REFORMING UKRAINE'S REGIONAL POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
B a c k g r o u n d . The beginning of negotiations on Ukraine's accession to the European Union in June 2024 marked the country's transition to a qualitatively new stage. In this context, territorial communities acquire particular significance. The article examines the potential of Ukraine's territorial communities in the process of European integration through the prism of strategic development, institutional capacity, and the spatial approach to regional policy. The analytical basis of the study consists of the principles of the Territorial Agenda 2030 (TA2030) and materials of the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON). M e t h o d s . The article uses a set of methods. The method of comparative analysis is applied to identify common and different development trends of Ukraine and the EU Member States in the field of regional policy, as well as to assess Ukraine's readiness for integration into the European space. The method of content analysis is applied. The systemic and structuralfunctional methods made it possible to study territorial communities as holistic systems and to reveal the interconnections between the institutional, spatial, and strategic aspects of their development in the context of European integration. R e s u l t s . The results of the study demonstrate that the territorial communities of Ukraine are consolidating their role as key subjects of regional policy and active participants in the process of European integration. Their role in the implementation of reforms is steadily increasing. At the community level, the principles of sustainable development, subsidiarity, multi-level governance and territorial cohesion defined in the Territorial Agenda 2030 (TA2030) are practically implemented. C o n c l u s i o n s . To ensure the effective progress of Ukraine in the process of European integration, coordinated actions of public authorities, territorial communities, and civil society institutions are necessary. The further development of Ukraine's regional policy should be based on the principles of partnership and the effective use of EU financial instruments. The future of Ukraine in the EU largely depends on the potential of its territorial communities.
territorial communities, regional policy, European integration of Ukraine, strategic planning, Territorial Agenda 2030, ESPON, local self-governance, spatial development
ANTI-CORRUPTION COMMUNICATION: DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION IN UKRAINE
B a c k g r o u n d . The article examines the role of communication as a tool for countering corruption in Ukraine during 2016- 2025. The study focuses on three core dimensions: the development of public communication between the state and citizens; the implementation of digital transparency instruments (including Prozorro, DOZORRO, the Unified Whistleblower Reporting Portal, and the asset declaration monitoring information system); and mechanisms of civic participation, such as public oversight, CivicTech initiatives, and local-level anti-corruption platforms. M e t h o d s . The research relies on a mixed-method approach that includes the analysis of legal and regulatory frameworks, the synthesis of findings from nationwide sociological surveys, a comparative review of domestic and international practices, and a content analysis of the public information space. R e s u l t s . The findings demonstrate that the interplay of institutional reforms, digital innovation, and active civic engagement strengthens transparency, accountability, and public trust in government institutions. Digital tools function not only as technical solutions but also as institutional mechanisms that reinforce the broader anti-corruption architecture. At the same time, strategic communication helps cultivate a social norm of intolerance toward corruption. Within the sphere of public administration – and especially in the design and implementation of anti-corruption policies – the key actors include not only governmental institutions but also civil society organizations and the wider public. One of the central institutional responses to this challenge is ensuring the openness of public authorities and actively involving civil society in anti-corruption oversight, monitoring, and decision-making. C o n c l u s i o n s . The study underscores that sustainable anti-corruption progress in the context of contemporary challenges and hybrid threats is achievable only when public communication, civic oversight, and digital innovation are effectively integrated. Effective anti-corruption requires a comprehensive approach that integrates institutional measures, civic engagement, and digital tools. Communication between public institutions and citizens plays a pivotal role, enhancing trust, enabling timely responses to emerging challenges, and mitigating corruption risks.
corruption; anti-corruption policy; communication and collaboration; civil society and civic participation; civic engagement instruments; transparency and accountability; digital innovation.
INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN IMPLEMENTING THE STATE POLICY OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
B a c k g r o u n d . It is devoted to the analysis of international trends and patterns in the implementation of state policies for the development of social entrepreneurship in different countries. It is revealed that countries with integrated policy approaches that combine legal recognition, financial support and capacity building demonstrate significantly better results in the development of social entrepreneurship. It is emphasized that the lack of standardized impact measurement systems and different definitions of social entrepreneurship in different jurisdictions create problems in policy evaluation and international comparison. An attempt is made to fill these gaps by analyzing implementation trends and identifying success factors in the development of social entrepreneurship policies in different national contexts. M e t h o d s . The research employs a comprehensive methodological approach, combining: a comparative analysis of social enterprise policy frameworks across EU member states, quantitative analysis of sector development indicators, document analysis of legislative and policy frameworks, Google Trends analysis to track public interest in social entrepreneurship concepts, and an evaluation of fiscal support mechanisms. The study examines data from 2011–2024, drawing on official EU statistics, national databases, policy documents, and academic literature to ensure a robust analysis of implementation patterns and effectiveness measures. R e s u l t s . The analysis reveals several key findings in social entrepreneurship policy implementation: (1) diverse legal recognition patterns across European countries, with significant variations in implementation approaches and effectiveness; (2) comprehensive fiscal benefits system development, ranging from full tax exemptions to limited support measures across different countries; (3) notable disparities in support mechanisms between Western and Eastern European nations, reflected in both policy sophistication and implementation effectiveness; (4) varying levels of public awareness and engagement with social entrepreneurship concepts across regions, as evidenced by Google Trends analysis; and (5) emergence of integrated policy approaches combining legal recognition, financial support, and capacity building measures. The research identified critical success factors, including strong institutional frameworks and coordinated ecosystem support, while highlighting persistent challenges in cross-border operations and skills development. C o n c l u s i o n s . The research demonstrates significant evolution in social entrepreneurship policy implementation across Europe while highlighting important regional variations in approach and effectiveness. Critical findings suggest that the successful implementation of policy requires a balanced approach to legal frameworks, financial instruments, and support mechanisms, with a strong emphasis on adapting to local contexts. Future policy development should prioritize: harmonizing approaches across regions while maintaining flexibility for local conditions, strengthening financial support mechanisms, and developing standardized impact measurement systems. The findings suggest that effective social entrepreneurship development requires integrated policy approaches that can address both immediate operational needs and long-term strategic objectives, supported by improved coordination between national and supranational initiatives.
social entrepreneurship, state policy, state regulatory mechanisms, social enterprise ecosystem, international development, social economy, public policy, social innovation, sustainable development, regulatory framework.
SELECTED ISSUES REGARDING THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PRINCIPLES IN THE SPHERE OF PARLIAMENTARISM
Background. Modern parliamentarism functions not only as an institutional form of representative democracy but also as a specific subsystem of public governance that requires effective administration based on democratic values and the principles of good governance. In Ukraine, the effective implementation of public administration principles in the field of parliamentarism is particularly relevant in the context of administrative reforms and alignment with European standards. Given the complexity of the political system, growing public expectations, and increasing demands for accountability, there is a pressing need to explore how such principles as popular sovereignty, rule of law, transparency, accountability, efficiency, inclusiveness, professionalism, and interaction with civil society are operationalized within the parliamentary framework. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is an interdisciplinary approach that combines the analysis of academic literature, legal and regulatory acts, parliamentary reports, and empirical studies of parliamentary institutions. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of the implementation of key principles in EU countries, particularly Sweden, Estonia, and the United Kingdom, in order to assess the compliance of Ukrainian practices with European standards of good governance. Specific focus is placed on the principles of professionalism and civic engagement. Results. The study identifies major challenges to the implementation of the professionalism principle, including the politicization of the administrative apparatus, insufficient training for parliamentarians, limited resources for professional development, and a low level of ethical compliance. In terms of civic engagement, problems include the formalized nature of public consultations, limited public participation in the legislative process, and low trust in parliamentary institutions. The comparative analysis revealed best practices, such as the establishment of consultative councils, mandatory training programs for MPs, and institutionalized transparency through digital platforms. Conclusions. The results confirm the necessity of systematic reform in the area of parliamentary administration, drawing on international experience. The study recommends implementing comprehensive educational programs for parliamentarians, creating permanent feedback mechanisms with the public, improving the ethical infrastructure of parliaments, and expanding the use of digital technologies in legislative processes. This integrated approach would enhance the legitimacy and efficiency of parliamentary activity, strengthen democratic governance, and increase public trust in state institutions. Future research could focus on the empirical evaluation of implemented reforms and their impact on the quality of legislation.
public administration, parliamentarism, principles of public administration, accountability, openness, efficiency, popular sovereignty, rule of law, inclusiveness, democratic governance.
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FROM TRADITIONAL BUREAUCRACY TO SMART GOVERNANCE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PERSPECTIVES FOR UKRAINE
Background. The article explores the challenges related to improving Ukraine's public administration system amidst globalization and digitalization processes. The relevance of the research stems from the necessity to address the limitations of the traditional bureaucratic governance model characterized by centralization, rigid hierarchy, and insufficient transparency. Contemporary challenges posed by the information society demand the introduction of innovative approaches involving the extensive application of digital technologies. The purpose of the study is to analyze theoretical and practical aspects of transforming traditional bureaucracy into a modern Smart Governance model, and to identify mechanisms for its effective adaptation in Ukraine. Methods. The research employs a variety of methodological approaches, including system analysis and a comparative method to examine Max Weber's classical bureaucratic model in relation to the contemporary Smart Governance concept. A case-study method was utilized to investigate the international experience of implementing digital technologies in public administration, focusing on successful examples from countries such as Estonia, Denmark, France, and Singapore. Furthermore, methods of generalization and synthesis were applied for a comprehensive evaluation of results and formulation of recommendations, along with inductive-deductive reasoning for transitioning from general theoretical insights to practical suggestions. Results. The research identifies that classical bureaucracy no longer meets contemporary demands characterized by rapidly evolving socio-economic conditions, mainly due to its rigid hierarchical structure and excessive formalization of administrative procedures. In contrast, the Smart Governance model offers flexible network structures, decentralization, and extensive use of digital tools such as e-government, Big Data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technologies. Analysis of international experiences demonstrates the effectiveness of digital platforms, including Estonia's X-Road, Denmark's Borger.dk, and France's service-public.fr portal, enhancing transparency, responsiveness, and civic engagement in governance processes. Conclusions. The study confirms the necessity of comprehensive transformation of Ukraine's public administration system by adopting the Smart Governance framework. The author provides practical recommendations regarding regulatory and legal frameworks to support digitalization, infrastructure improvements, enhancing digital literacy among citizens and civil servants, and strengthening cybersecurity mechanisms. It is established that the successful implementation of Smart Governance will not only optimize administrative processes but also significantly increase public trust in government institutions, which is critically important given the current challenges and global transformations.
Smart Governance, rational bureaucracy, digital transformation, public administration, e-governance, civic engagement.
CITIZENS' TRUST IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES IN UKRAINE: FACTORS, CONSEQUENCES AND WAYS OF STRENGTHENING
Background. Citizens' trust in local government bodies is one of the key factors that determines the effectiveness of the local government system, promotes social cohesion and supports the development of territorial communities. In the context of deep transformations and numerous challenges that Ukraine faces, in particular political, economic and security ones, the issue of building trust acquires particular importance. A high level of trust increases the legitimacy of management decisions, stimulates citizen activity and ensures sustainable interaction between authorities and society. This makes the study of the nature of trust relevant both in scientific and practical terms. Methods. The study used a comprehensive approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods. A comparative analysis was used to identify regional features of trust formation and comparison with international practices based on an analysis of the regulatory framework. Content analysis covered public speeches, analytical reports, official documents and media publications, which allowed us to identify key aspects of information policy, transparency and public communication. The structural-functional approach allowed us to generalize the relationships between different management entities and build a conceptual model with a focus on transparency, accountability, efficiency, social capital and regulatory regulation. Results. The analysis confirmed that the level of trust is a multidimensional indicator. It is positively influenced by the transparency of procedures, openness of information, access to budget data and citizen involvement in decision-making. Digital technologies, the speed of response to community requests and the effectiveness of management decisions play an important role. The developed model demonstrates the relationship between social and institutional factors of trust. Comparison with international practice shows that digitalization and modernization of processes are key factors in increasing trust in local self-government. Conclusions. Trust in local self-government bodies is critically important for the stability and effectiveness of public administration in Ukraine. Ensuring transparency, accountability, development of public participation and digital tools should become a priority in reforming local governance. The proposed model can be used as a basis for developing strategies to strengthen trust in the face of modern challenges.
trust, public administration, local government, citizen participation, accountability, governance mechanisms.
LEGAL REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE (NON-MILITARY) SERVICE IN SWITZERLAND: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE
Background. Ensuring the right to alternative (non-military) service in cases of conflict of conscience is a pressing problem for Ukraine, which acquires particular importance in the conditions of martial law and the consideration by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine of the case on the constitutionality of restrictions on alternative (non-military) service. In this regard, it is important to study the experience of Switzerland as a country with a long and effective practice of legal regulation of alternative civilian service. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal foundations, organizational features and practical experience of the functioning of alternative civilian service in Switzerland, as well as to determine the prospects for applying this experience in Ukraine. Methods. The study uses comparative legal and normative-analytical methods. The Federal Constitution of Switzerland, the Federal Law "On Alternative Civil Service", by-laws (Zivildienstverordnung, ZDV), as well as official documents of the Federal Civil Service Office (ZIVI) were analyzed. Results. Alternative civilian service in Switzerland has been established as an integral part of the compulsory service system. It is available to persons who, for reasons of conscience, cannot perform military service. Since 2009, instead of a mandatory hearing on the existence of a conflict of conscience, the principle of evidentiary readiness has been applied, according to which voluntary consent to perform civilian service for a period 1.5 times longer than military service is considered sufficient evidence. Civilian service is exclusively non-military in nature and is carried out in institutions that operate in the interests of society, in particular in the areas of health, education, social support, cultural heritage preservation, environmental protection and humanitarian aid. A special role in its administration is played by the digital platform ZiviConnect, which ensures effective interaction between civil servants, host institutions and federal authorities. Conclusions. Swiss experience shows that careful regulatory regulation, effective administration and active implementation of digital technologies (in particular ZiviConnect) significantly increase the transparency, efficiency and attractiveness of alternative service. The use of these approaches in Ukraine could help resolve existing legal and practical problems of implementing alternative service, especially under martial law, and ensure proper protection of citizens' constitutional rights.
religious organizations, freedom of conscience, alternative service, religious beliefs, legal regulation, national security, military service, non-military service, church, socio-religious relations, Switzerland.
SYSTEM-NETWORK APPROACH AS A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY
Background. In the context of global climate challenges and energy transformation, energy efficiency policy is gaining strategic importance. It is becoming a key element of sustainable development, integrating into European policies, in particular the European Green Deal and the EU Energy Efficiency Directive. In Ukraine, the foundations for institutional modernization of energy resource management are being formed, but the process is hampered by weak digitalization, insufficient coordination between levels of government, and limited public-private partnership. In such conditions, the system-network approach opens up prospects for the implementation of flexible, inclusive management models. Methods. The study uses comparative and structural-functional methods to analyze national and European energy management practices. The interaction between government bodies, local governments, business and public organizations was assessed. Content analysis of state and international documents, EBRD and European Commission reports, data on Smart Grid pilot projects, as well as scientific publications was also applied. Results. The system-network approach ensures effective coordination between management entities in the field of energy efficiency. Unlike centralized models, network structures contribute to digitalization, business involvement, and adaptation of solutions to local needs. Comparative analysis has proven the advantages of such approaches in EU countries, where Smart Grids, grant programs and ETS are actively implemented. In Ukraine, these tools are at the pilot testing stage, which requires strengthening institutional capacity, creating decarbonization offices in the regions and scaling digital platforms for energy monitoring. Conclusions. Integration of the system-network approach into public policy is the key to its effectiveness. Ukraine has the potential to develop an adaptive governance model through decentralization, digital solutions, and support from international partners. It is necessary to consolidate the actions of all actors, harmonize legislation, and form a new culture of energy consumption. Educational campaigns, involving business in innovation, and information openness should become the basis of future policy. This will not only strengthen energy security, but also contribute to global climate stability.
public administration, system-network approach, energy efficiency, public policy, digitalization, public-private partnership, regulatory mechanisms, institutional coordination.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ENSURING THE STATE'S ECONOMIC SECURITY
Background. In the context of current challenges related to Ukraine's post-war recovery, ensuring the state's economic security becomes particularly relevant. Social entrepreneurship is viewed as a potential tool for stabilizing the socio-economic system, which can help address issues such as employment for vulnerable populations, reintegration of internally displaced persons and veterans, and restoration of regions affected by military actions. However, empirical research on the impact of social entrepreneurship on state economic security remains limited. In particular, there are no quantitative assessments of the relationship between social entrepreneurship sector development and economic security indicators. The Ukrainian methodology for assessing economic security does not include indicators related to social entrepreneurship, making it difficult to understand its real contribution to strengthening the state's economic resilience. Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap by conducting correlation analysis between the number of social enterprises in Ukraine and economic security sub-indices, which will empirically evaluate the nature and strength of this relationship. Research object. Social entrepreneurship in the context of ensuring the state's economic security. Methods. A comprehensive approach was applied to analyze Ukraine's economic security in the context of social entrepreneurship development. Theoretical research methods included analysis and synthesis of scientific literature to systematize the main approaches to evaluating economic security and social entrepreneurship. The logical method was used to construct the research sequence, structure the main analysis stages, and summarize the obtained results. The systematic approach helped identify relationships between economic security components and evaluate the integrating role of social entrepreneurship in ensuring it. The empirical part of the research was based on statistical methods of data processing and analysis. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to assess the dynamics and structure of economic security. Results. The historical evolution of methodological approaches to economic security assessment was analyzed, which evolved from military-centric models to integrative concepts that consider socio-economic aspects. It was established that modern approaches increasingly emphasize the role of economic systems' resilience in ensuring state security, making research into innovative tools such as social entrepreneurship relevant. The impact of social entrepreneurship on Ukraine's economic security was evaluated. It was found that this sector contributes to the stability of the social component of the economy and has a positive effect on regional development, particularly through job creation for vulnerable populations. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between social entrepreneurship development and investment innovation processes, as well as the importance of integrating social initiatives into economic security strategies. Сonclusion. The ability of social entrepreneurship to address key socio-economic issues, such as creating jobs for vulnerable populations and supporting sustainable regional development, has been proven. However, the level of social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine significantly lags behind EU countries, highlighting the need for state support, legislation improvement, and creation of a favorable regulatory environment. Social entrepreneurship has strong potential and serves as a stabilizing factor during periods of economic instability, but requires integration into economic security strategies to maximize its impact on economic system resilience. Correlation analysis of data demonstrated the relationship between social entrepreneurship and investment-innovation processes, and showed the need for integrating social initiatives into economic security strategies.
economic security of the state, social entrepreneurship, integral assessment, innovative development, state regulation.
INTERPARLIAMENTARY COOPERATION OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE: MODERN FORMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Background. Interparliamentary cooperation is considered a relevant instrument of foreign policy of any state. For Ukraine, this cooperation is of particular importance given the European integration aspirations and strengthening of its own positions in the international arena. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as a representative body of the Ukrainian people, actively develops interparliamentary relations with parliaments of foreign states and international parliamentary organizations. This cooperation is carried out in various forms that undergo constant evolutionary changes in response to modern challenges, which allows us to effectively respond to new threats and opportunities. Therefore, the study of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and their impact on public administration is relevant and important. Methods. To obtain scientific results, the dialectical method was used to determine and substantiate the relationship between phenomena and contradictions of interparliamentary cooperation, which affects their development. The systematization method made it possible to group scientific approaches to the definition of interparliamentary cooperation and its inherent features. The methods of analysis and synthesis contributed to the identification of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation, to reveal their substantive component and impact on public administration. The modeling method was used when developing conclusions regarding the impact of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation on public administration. Results. It is revealed that interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine takes place in the format of bilateral and multilateral relations and modern forms of such cooperation are analyzed. The emphasis is placed on the activities of permanent delegations of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in international parliamentary institutions, which are characterized by the adoption of a number of international resolutions. The participation of parliamentarians in interparliamentary assemblies is studied and their key results are outlined. The importance of establishing and expanding interparliamentary contacts of the Verkhovna Rada through visits of Ukrainian parliamentarians to foreign countries aimed at working out a joint strategy of active military and humanitarian support for Ukraine is emphasized. The importance of developing interparliamentary diplomacy, establishing contacts with legislative institutions of other states is highlighted. The role and place of the specialized committee on interparliamentary cooperation, the main results of its activities are emphasized. The main achievements of the activities of deputy groups of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on interparliamentary relations are revealed. Weaknesses of interparliamentary interaction are identified. Conclusions. At the current state-building stage of Ukraine, an important place is given to interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as one of the key mechanisms that promotes national interests in the international arena, the development of democratic institutions in Ukraine, serves as a tool for combating Russian aggression and helps strengthen international support for Ukraine. It is substantiated that modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine have a significant impact on public administration, serving its development and adaptation to modern challenges. The directions of their influence on public administration are highlighted. The priority trends of interparliamentary cooperation include European integration, further rapprochement with the North Atlantic Alliance, and the involvement of states in negotiations to achieve a stable situation in Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is making significant efforts to fulfill these strategically important tasks.
interparliamentary cooperation, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, cooperation mechanisms, international politics; interparliamentary interaction, parliamentary institutions, public administration, international relations, parliament, interparliamentary diplomacy, representative bodies of government.
THE FUNCTIONING OF PARLIAMENTARY FACTIONS AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PARLIAMENTARY MAJORITY AND THE OPPOSITION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Background. In contemporary democratic political systems, effective interaction between the parliamentary majority and the opposition is critical in ensuring legislative stability and institutional effectiveness. The constitutional and legal frameworks that regulate this interaction not only define the organization of the legislative process but also influence the parliament's ability to respond to dynamic political environments and maintain a balance of interests among diverse political forces. Conversely, the absence of clear legal mechanisms for regulating majority – opposition relations may lead to political instability, hinder institutional development, and cause dysfunctions within the broader public governance system. Methods. This study employs comparative analysis to examine models of parliamentary interaction in selected European countries, with particular attention to jurisdictions that have developed effective approaches to balancing majority and opposition interests. Analyzing relevant legal and regulatory frameworks enables the identification of best practices in institutionalizing majority – opposition cooperation. Results. The findings indicate that formalizing the rights and responsibilities of both the parliamentary majority and opposition contributes to the efficiency of the legislative process and overall parliamentary stability. Comparative insights reveal that institutional models across Europe result from gradual evolution shaped by the historical development of national constitutional systems. The Westminster model in the United Kingdom is characterized by a high degree of formalization of the opposition's role, including the institution of the shadow cabinet and the official recognition of the opposition leader. In Germany, the opposition operates within a clearly defined procedural framework, while in France, limited institutionalization is partially compensated by specific parliamentary oversight mechanisms. The type of opposition – political, procedural, or ideological – directly affects the nature of its engagement with the majority. Political traditions and culture further influence the extent to which such interaction is institutionally embedded. In the context of Ukrainian parliamentary traditions, implementing recommendations from the Venice Commission, approved by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, has contributed to recognizing opposition rights. Nonetheless, further legal regulation of the functioning of parliamentary majorities and opposition factions, informed by European experience, would create more favorable conditions for constructive interaction. Conclusions. The results underscore the need to improve the constitutional and legal framework governing majority – opposition relations to enhance the stability and functionality of parliamentary institutions. Essential conditions for effective cooperation include a high level of political culture among parliamentary actors, appropriate legal regulation, and the development of stable parliamentary practices. The Westminster model represents the most balanced synthesis of institutional and political mechanisms, ensuring government accountability and a constructive opposition role. In contrast, the French model illustrates a more fragmented opposition influence, partially offset by extra parliamentary instruments of political engagement. These findings highlight the importance of institutionalizing legal mechanisms for majority – opposition interaction as a precondition for democratic governance, a stable legislative process, and preserving political pluralism.
parliament, parliamentary faction, parliamentary majority, opposition, coalition.
MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT
Background. This article focuses on the mechanisms of public administration development in both a historical and futuristic service vision management perspective. Development in the capitalist era is not an automatic process that pushes itself to new solutions or positions in society, some very specific reasons and motives lie behind the mechanisms of change. The role of art, science and individual creativity as factors of change is momentum that must be put at forefront in scientifically based analysis to better understand how democracy is built and strengthened. Methods. As art, science, motivation, individual creativity, destruction, diffusion processes, moral sentiments, riches, and wealth are dominant factors of change, economic history methods, methods of innovation, entrepreneurship and change, as well as methods of service management vision and futuristic perspective analysis are relevant methods for the analysis. In addition, there is the method of international independent science, whose purpose is scientific truth. Methods of bureaucratic model analysis as well as methods of shaping, human relations and economic and physical motivational factors are relevant for the understanding of optimal operations of public administration. This article analyzes scientific theories over a long time period and discusses the various approaches and their beneficial use in explaining development. Results. Shortcomings in modern public administration call for new approaches to enhance the development of bureaucratic operations to justify the democratic values that characterize a fair and modern society, and to meet the demands of the citizens and businesses rightful and obvious expectations. Static change, based on step-by-step corrections, is not sufficient to meet the challenges the modern society is facing. Conclusions. The article states, based on scientific evidence, that mechanisms of public administration development are mainly based on the technological diffusion function. The diffusion process is a result of successful innovations carried out by the single entrepreneur, based on his personal will and act. The entrepreneur is exogenous to the production function, but the result of the creativity will forever change the pattern of production and the operation of the public administrative function, and the progress is highest among prosperous people than among poverty-stricken people.
public administrations, innovations, entrepreneur, civilized men, democratic development, moral sentiments.
PRINCIPLES, STANDARDS AND VALUES OF THE EU HUMANITARIAN POLICY
Background. For Ukraine, as a country that aspires to become part of the European Union, it is important to realize that integration into the EU is not limited to bringing domestic practices of institutional and legal mechanisms regulating various spheres of social relations in line with European standards. Equally important is the rapprochement with Europe in the cultural and spiritual plane, in the values, principles and standards that form the basis of the basic principles of state policy. In view of this, the issues of ensuring human security, creating conditions for the expansion of human rights and freedoms, respect for national and religious characteristics, tolerance of cultural diversity, etc. are attracting increasing attention at the present stage. These are the characteristics that are most fully reflected in the state's humanitarian policy and should be the basis for Ukraine's European integration. This is the reason for the relevance of the topic chosen for this study. After all, the understanding of the basic values, principles and standards of the EU humanitarian policy largely determines how effective further processes of Ukraine's European integration will be. Methods. In the course of the research, the method of theoretical analysis of scientific sources and the method of comparison were used to determine the level of coverage of this topic in domestic and foreign historiography, which allowed to research existing scientific approaches to solving the problem. The methods of generalization, formalization, analysis, and synthesis were used to reveal the value orientations of humanitarian policy in the EU countries. The study also involved a number of other general scientific and special methods of cognition, including abstraction, specification, induction and systematization. This made it possible to substantiate the essential characteristics of the principles and standards on which the EU humanitarian policy is based. In order to formulate the general conclusions of the research, the method of logical generalization of the results was used. Results. The article examines the principles of supranationality and subsidiarity as the fundamental foundations on which the EU functioning is based. At the same time, it was established that certain aspects of humanitarian policy relating to such issues as the development of culture, education, training, youth and sports were structured in the EU in such a way as to ensure maximum freedom of national governments to choose the ways of their development and thus avoid harmonization effect. In practice, this means that EU acts, which are binding on all member states, do not have to harmonize their legislation in terms of the development of these areas. The central category in the issue of European self-identification is the establishment of common European values, which determine a distinctive European identity. The most fundamental values for the EU include respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. The article argues that adherence to these principles, as well as paying due attention to the protection of common European values, is an important integrating factor that ensures the unity of European countries not only on the basis of economic cooperation, but also in the humanitarian sphere. Conclusions. The article establishes that the experience of the EU's functioning and enlargement is based on the spread of democratic principles and the rule of law. The principle of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and their guarantee acts as a unifying factor, a kind of value marker that indicates belonging to the European community. However, it should be borne in mind that each EU member state also has its own distinctive national identity, determined by its own unique historical experience. The formation of the humanitarian space of each individual country takes into account the experience of its own political history, economic and socio-cultural development trends. Respect for national identity, lack of harmonization in some cultural issues are also among the principles that influence the formation of a common European humanitarian space.
humanitarian space, humanitarian development, humanitarian policy, language environment, national identity, European values, EU humanitarian policy standards, EU humanitarian policy principles.
POSITIVE ACTIONS AS A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN AND MEN
Background. Equality in the opportunity to realize one's potential and fulfill one's aspirations is becoming a reality for people today in a democratic state. The "policy of positive actions" has been implemented by democratic governments on various continents for almost a hundred years, leading to the spread of a culture of tolerance and expanding opportunities for marginalized groups. The policy of positive actions is not a single measure but a comprehensive set of structural and instrumental reforms that have clear time frames and specific results to achieve the goal. One example is the establishment of quotas for political parties or during elections at various levels of decision-making processes. The main task of the "policy of positive actions" is to create equal opportunities for different social groups, particularly helping women and girls overcome inequality in society. At the same time, the implementation of this policy must be approached comprehensively, analyzing each step. The criteria for forming and implementing this policy must be transparent and understandable to the entire population to avoid adverse effects. Methods. To obtain reliable research results, systemic and historical approaches, as well as analytical methods, were used. The systemic approach, as a specific strategy for scientific cognition and practical activity, allowed considering the complex object of gender mainstreaming through the system of positive actions. The historical approach enabled the objectification of the process of developing the theory and practice of the policy of positive actions, revealing the peculiarities of its development over time, which contributed to the concreteness, logic, and consistency of the material presented. The structural-morphological method, aimed at searching for informational support for the stated problem, allowed an analysis of the normative-legal support of the policy of positive actions. Results. In the history of Ukraine's independence, we have a positive experience of implementing the "policy of positive actions": soft quotas in public service and "gender quotas" during local elections in 2020 under the new electoral legislation. For the first time in these elections, a mandatory 40% gender quota was in effect (Electoral Code of Ukraine, Article 154). The consequences and influence of introducing quotas on political culture and changing public perceptions of women's political participation have evolved, and many qualified women from various cities and villages of Ukraine entered local councils. During the military aggression of Russia against Ukraine, there is a need to develop a methodology for applying the "policy of positive actions" to help the country ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men, girls and boys at various levels of decision-making processes and in all sectors for economic recovery and improving social guarantees. At the same time, it is necessary to remember the accompanying actions and the complexity of solving the problem, which requires further scientific research. Conclusions. Ukraine needs a systemic approach and consolidated actions by public authorities to adopt a political decision to expand the policy of positive actions to the economic sector. The implementation of the policy of positive actions should be accompanied by systematic research and supporting measures, which should become the norm not only for the public sector but also for the private sector. Such a comprehensive approach will expand women's economic opportunities and impact the transformation of patriarchal social culture as a whole.
gender, positive actions, state policy, public policy, equal opportunities, gender quotas.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY AS A MODERN MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF ECOPOLITICS
Background . The question of the importance of the development of the environmental policy of an individual country and the world in the modern international arena is extremely urgent. The top leaders of the countries are looking for mechanisms and tools to ensure a high level of environmental protection and to overcome its negative consequences. Based on this fact, the possibility of interstate cooperation, exchange of experience and mutual support on environmental issues opens up. That is, a modern mechanism for regulating ecopolitics is emerging – environmental diplomacy. Analyzing the current state of Ukraine and already existing examples of ecological disasters caused by aggression on the part of Russia, our state needs the support of international partners to overcome their consequences and further restore the natural background. Results. The concept of "environmental diplomacy" should be understood as a system of goals and measures designed to resolve critical moments related to environmental protection and prevent their recurrence through the cooperation of various countries of the world and international organizations. Currently, Ukraine actively participates in international "green" initiatives, in particular, signed an agreement on cooperation within the framework of the European environmental program LIFE and participation in the European Green Course. Also, within the framework of partnership with foreign countries, the Environmental Agreement for Ukraine was developed and concluded. It is worth noting that the importance of environmental protection is also highlighted in President Zelenskyi's Peace Formula. Conclusions . It was determined that environmental diplomacy as a modern mechanism of ecopolitics is focused not only on ensuring a decent level of the "green" sphere of the country, but also has a significant impact on the social and economic component and the development of international cooperation. Ukraine faces the need to be involved in the processes of environmental diplomacy and transition from planning to practical implementation of measures to improve the domestic environmental background.
environmental diplomacy, environmental security, environmental protection, mechanisms of ecopolitics formation, public-authority interaction
STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND TOOLS FOR DEVELOPING THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE TO ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Background. The directions of development of the national innovation system (NIS) of Ukraine for continuous development in the context of modern global challenges are studied. The main task is to build an effective innovation system that will contribute to economic growth, increase the country's competitiveness in the international arena and create conditions for sustainable development. In the context of globalization and rapid technological progress, the development of the national innovation system is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of the article is to highlight innovative promising strategies and tools that serve to build the national innovation system of Ukraine, which in turn is focused on ensuring sustainable development. Methods. During the study, a systemic approach was used, as well as the following research methods: terminological analysis (for a precise definition of the concepts of "national innovation system", "sustainable development", etc.); comparative analysis (for the analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the field of development of innovation systems); statistical analysis and grouping (in the process of studying quantitative indicators that characterize the development of the innovation sector in Ukraine); generalization (for formulating conclusions). Results. The need for creating an effective national innovation system that would meet modern challenges and ensure the sustainable development of the country is proven. The main strategic priorities for the development of NIS are outlined, including the creation of a favorable legislative environment, the development of innovation infrastructure, the introduction of modern financial instruments to support innovations, as well as strengthening international cooperation in the field of innovations. The issue of human capital development, which is the basis for the formation of a competitive innovation economy, is highlighted. Conclusions. The main directions for the development of the national innovation system of Ukraine in the context of globalization and technological progress are determined. The advantages and feasibility of introducing innovative technologies and approaches to ensure the sustainable development of the country are characterized. The importance of state support, the creation of a favorable institutional environment and international cooperation in the development of NIS is proven. The prospects for using the public-private partnership mechanism as a tool for attracting extrabudgetary funds and stimulating innovation activity in Ukraine are highlighted.
national innovation system, sustainable development, innovation infrastructure, public-private partnership, innovative development, international cooperation
REGULATION OF PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING IN UKRAINE: IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVEMENT
Background . Participatory budgeting is an innovative tool for public engagement that contributes to the democratization of local financial management. In Ukraine, this mechanism is considered an important element of strengthening local democracy and transparency in the decision-making process. However, despite positive trends, the development of participatory budgeting remains limited due to the fragmented regulatory framework, lack of consistency in its implementation, and low level of public awareness. The article presents an analysis of the current regulatory framework for the budget participation in Ukraine, key problems were identified and ways to solve them were proposed, taking into account international experience. Methods . The research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative analysis of the regulatory acts governing participatory budgeting in Ukraine. A case-study method was employed, specifically analyzing participatory budgeting models in Brazil, Poland, and other countries. The assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the regulations was based on expert surveys of local government officials, non-governmental organizations, and researchers. A crucial research tool was the review of literature, international recommendations, and reports on the implementation of participatory budgeting. Results . The analysis showed that Ukraine lacks a special profile law that would regulate the participatory budgeting process. Instead, various subordinate regulations operate, which cause heterogeneity of practices in different regions. International experience demonstrates that successful participatory budgeting systems are based on clear legislative norms and active public involvement. Among the strengths of the current system in Ukraine, initiative at the local level can be highlighted, while among the weaknesses is the lack of a systemic approach and uncertainty about responsibility for project implementation. Conclusions . For the effective implementation of participatory budgeting in Ukraine, it is necessary to adopt a separate law that clearly defines the rights and responsibilities of all stakeholders. Increasing public awareness and utilizing digital technologies to ensure transparency and engagement are also crucial. The adoption of best practices from international experience will enable Ukraine to build a sustainable and inclusive system of participatory budgeting
participatory budgeting, participatory budget, local finance management, regulatory and legal regulation, democratic governance, public participation, local governments, international experience, decentralization, digitalization, transparency, accountability, partnership
DIGITIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN CHINA: FROM E-GOVERNMEN TO DIGITAL GOVERNMENT
Background . In the context of the digital era, the digital transformation of China's public administration is not only a key step in the modernization of national governance, but also has a demonstration effect on global governance models. This transformation covers a number of key areas such as data flow, information capacity enhancement and decision-making optimization, marking the evolution from traditional e-government to data-driven digital government. Purpose. This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the progress of digitization of public administration in China, especially its important role in enhancing administrative efficiency, optimizing public services, and enhancing policy transparency. The study also aims to explore how digital transformation contributes to the modernization of national governance, and how China can respond to the new challenges and opportunities brought about by digitization in the process, so as to provide lessons that can be learned globally. Methods . This study utilizes a combination of research methods, including literature review, case study analysis and policy assessment. The theoretical framework is constructed by systematically sorting out relevant theories and empirical studies. In addition, through in-depth analysis of specific policy and practice cases, it reveals the effectiveness and problems of digitization of public administration in China. Results. The digitization of public administration in China has achieved an important shift from e-government to digital government, a shift that has significantly improved the administrative efficiency of the government and the quality of public services. However, as the digitization process deepens, China also faces challenges such as data security, privacy protection, and digital divide. The existence of these issues may affect the effectiveness of digital transformation and need to be addressed through policy and technological innovation. Conclusions . This paper points out that while the digital transformation of public administration in China has improved the efficiency and quality of government services, it has also brought about problems such as privacy protection and uneven distribution of resources. These problems need to be solved by strengthening laws and regulations, improving public digital literacy, and optimizing the allocation of technological resources. In the future, China needs to continue to deepen its digital transformation to achieve more efficient national governance while ensuring inclusiveness and fairness in the digitization process.
digitization of public administration, digital government, e-government, data-driven decision-making, policy transparency, public service optimization, information technology application, digital divide
UNITY OF THE HUMANITARIAN SPACE OF THE STATE: IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS AND MECHANISMS OF FORMATION
Background . The current stage of Ukraine's development is characterized by significant changes affecting various spheres of public life. A significant part of these changes is due to the processes of globalization and European integration. The events of the Russian-Ukrainian war are also a significant factor in social transformations. In these conditions, increasing the resilience of society to new challenges, guaranteeing the safety of people, society and the state in general is of particular importance. It is emphasized that in the field of domestic humanitarian development, the problems of inequality and excessive polarization of society along linguistic, ethnic, religious and other types of characteristics have accumulated for a long time and still remain insufficiently resolved. This often becomes a source of aggravation and strengthening of contradictions in many spheres of society's life. Such components of humanitarian policy as the development of education, science, culture, harmonization of inter-confessional and ethno-national relations, etc. form the basis for further increasing the level of human capital and strengthen social cohesion in general. This leads to the need to find effective mechanisms for improving the quality of state administration in the humanitarian sphere and ways to ensure the consolidation of society on the basis of universally recognized value orientations, because the normal life of the population and the sustainable functioning of social institutions, as well as the observance of rights and freedoms regardless from race and gender, ethnicity, language and religion. Methods . In the process of research, the method of theoretical analysis of scientific sources was used, as well as the method of comparison, which made it possible to study the available scientific approaches to solving the outlined problem. In order to reveal the essence of the categories "humanitarian space" and "unity of humanitarian space", the methods of generalization, formalization, analysis and synthesis were used. Other general scientific and special methods of cognition were also used, including abstraction, concretization, induction, and systematization. This made it possible to substantiate the structural components that underlie the category "unity of the humanitarian space". In order to formulate the general conclusions of the study, the method of logical generalization of the results was used. Results . The analysis of domestic and foreign historiography has led to the conclusion that there is no unified approach to defining the category of humanitarian space. It was established that in foreign practice, the view of the humanitarian space as a kind of humanitarian working environment, in which humanitarian organizations can carry out their activities to provide assistance to people in regions affected by negative factors of various origins, dominates. Among domestic scientists, views on the humanitarian space as an environment based on a system of ideas, values, ideals, myths, stereotypes and images that influence people's consciousness prevail. It is justified that the unity of the humanitarian space should be considered the degree of cohesion of society around such socially significant topics as the attitude to language, religious freedoms, ethno-national relations, cultural development, historical memory and other manifestations of social existence that form national identity, as well as the ability on the basis of existing mechanisms, effectively and constructively resolve contradictions that may arise from time to time in these spheres of social relations. The components that underlie the unity of the humanitarian space have been identified, namely: a harmonious language environment, development of the educational sector, preservation of the national cultural heritage and historical memory, consideration of the rights and satisfaction of the needs of national minorities (communities), harmonization of state-church and inter-confessional relations. It has been established that an important role in the formation of a coherent humanitarian space is also played by the satisfaction of the informational and cultural needs of society, which should occur thanks to the national producers of cultural products and the functioning of the network of national channels of cultural communication. Conclusions . It has been proven that the formation of integral humanitarian space creates the preconditions for further strengthening of social cohesion, which is critically important in the conditions of the transformations that Ukraine is undergoing at the current stage of integration into European cultural, economic and political structures. Signs of a holistic humanitarian space are the presence of a developed common symbolic system, the crucial role of national producers of cultural products and national channels of cultural communication in meeting the informational and cultural needs of society, a high level of social cohesion based of common cultural and ideological values that have a national character, harmonious development of interethnic and interfaith relations, etc. The presence among the components of the humanitarian space of such elements as historical memory, own culture, traditions, and a unique linguistic environment turn it into one of the fundamental factors that influence the formation of national identity, that is, contribute to a person's permanent awareness of belonging to the Ukrainian nation as an original community, united by name, symbols, geographical and ethno-social origin, historical memory, a complex of spiritual and cultural values, in particular the Ukrainian language and folk traditions.
humanitarian space, humanitarian development, humanitarian policy, language environment, national identity, historical memory, national mentality, national idea, national minorities, interfaith relations